Illegal Drugs - 1263 Words

Illegal drugs Illegal drugs are drugs which have controls on them by a government and are illegal in certain situations (a person is not allowed to have them). A drug is any chemical designed to affect the human body. A psychoactive drug is a drug that affects the brain. Some controlled drugs are allowed if you have permission (called a prescription) from a doctor. Other drugs are illegal - meaning you are never allowed to have them. Individual countries and places have different laws about different drugs, and there are also international treaties against some drugs. The most used drugs are not illegal. Page 1 Drug Abuse Substance abuse, also known as drug abuse, is a patterned use of a substance (drug) in which the user consumes the†¦show more content†¦Research has also shown that the risk of drug use increases significantly when teens use substances to deal with stress or boredom. In a CASA survey, high-stress teens were twice as likely to use drugs as low-stress teens, and often-bored teens were 50 percent likelier to use drugs than other kids. Page 3 Diff. Forms of drugs Injections In injections, active ingredients are dissolved in a liquid and then injected. A drug is often injected into a vein (intravenous administration) if it is to have as fast an effect as possible, for instance in an emergency. Suppositories Some medications can be inserted into the anus (rectally) as a suppository. They may contain active ingredients that are meant to have a local effect. Drops, ointments and sprays for the eyes, ears and nose Some medications come in the form of drops. These can be applied, for example, directly to the eye or ear to treat things like eye or ear infections. Ear drops should not be too cold when applied because they might cause pain or dizziness otherwise. There are also eye ointments and gels that are applied to the inside of the lower eyelid. It is especially important to keep eye medications germ-free. Inhalants Medications that are breathed in (inhaled) can be a good idea if they are to have an effect directly in the lungs. Many asthma medications are available as sprays that are inhaled, for example. Because the lungsShow MoreRelatedThe Drug Of Illegal Drugs2609 Words   |  11 Pagescrimes is committed by someone who is under the influence of illegal drugs. To some of these people it was the right thing to do for them to get money or drugs. Living with an addiction will change someone’s identity for the worst. An Addiction is a strong and (or) harmful need to regularly have something or do something, and Identity is the morals, values, and beliefs that make a person different from others. The addiction to hard drugs degrades the addict’s morals, values, and relationships whichRead MoreThe Legalization Of Illegal Drugs1262 Words   |  6 PagesBefore President Richard Nixon declared drug abuse as America’s number one public enemy in 1971, the United States already ha d a long history of combating the use of illegal drugs. The first of its kind was the legislation that passed in San Francisco in 1875. This newly passed legislation banned the smoking of opium. However, this legislation seemed to be racially motivated. San Francisco citizens believed that Chinese men who resided in the community, and who were highly regarded as opium smokersRead MoreIllegal Drugs And The Affects Of Drugs1564 Words   |  7 PagesThe purpose of the essay is to explain what is illegal drugs and the affects of drugs and evaluate attempts to control it. Any chemical you take that can affect the way your body works is all can be called drugs. For example, caffeine, aspirin and nicotine are all drugs. It must be able to pass from your body into your brain. Once the drugs are inside your brain, it can change the messages your brain cells are sending to each other, and to the rest of your body. By doing this, they interfering withRead MoreDrug Use And Illegal Drugs1025 Wo rds   |  5 Pagesindividuals around the globe use illegal drugs. Individuals that use these illegal drugs make up around a â€Å"quarter of a million deaths per year.† (livescience.com) These individuals who are participating in drug use are not just adults however. They are also teenagers that walk the streets around us all day. According to teens.drugabuse.gov, â€Å"in 2006, 8% of youth in the United States between the ages of 12 17 met diagnostic criteria for abuse or dependence on illicit drugs.† This means that â€Å"more thatRead MoreIllegal Drug Abuse And Drugs980 Words   |  4 PagesIllegal Drug Abuse For quite a long time, different types of drugs have been used across the globe. Indeed, the different drugs have been observed to impose varying impacts on users. While some of the drugs are curative and positive in usage, others are remarkably detrimental and can facilitate the mental and psychological breakdown of the user and their families. In this respect, many of the detrimental drugs have been illegalized in many parts of the world. In the United States, for instance, cocaineRead MoreThe War On Drugs, And Sale Of Illegal Drugs1865 Words   |  8 Pages abuse, and sale of illegal drugs is an epidemic that has remained an unsolved problem of the United States. The biggest effort that the United States has launched in order to deal with rampancy of drug issues is the War on Drugs that was started by former president Richard Nixon. During its beginning, the War on Drugs was controversial due to the attitudes that were directed to drug users that were cultivated by the policies being set. In the present day, the War on Drugs is under scrutiny asRead MoreIllegal Drugs in the U.S.841 Words   |  4 PagesThe trade and use of illegal drugs in the US and around the world is one of the world’s biggest and most prevalent problems. Illegal drug trade accounts for more than $300 billion a year. The legal, physical, and mental consequences of drug use easily outweigh the so called â€Å"high† that people receive from using them. Though current users wouldn’t consent to this statement, everyone else including rehabilitated users would agree. They would also agree that drug use is the easiest and quickest routeRead MoreIllegal Drug Use, Illegal Prostitution, and Money Laundering2993 Words   |  12 PagesThe discussion of legalizing certain illegal drug like marijuana for personal use or prostitution to help stimulate the economy is one of the worst ideas ever. It was also said that it will eliminate money laundering problem. By keeping illeg al drugs, prostitution, and money laundering illegal will prevent criminals from exploiting the poor and unfortunate people. This will also prevent the â€Å"paid† rape of all genders, it will also detour people from becoming an addict, thus eliminating the increaseRead MoreThe War On Drugs And Illegal Drugs1878 Words   |  8 Pagesfirst waged the â€Å"War on Drugs†. This war has cost hundreds of billions of dollars to fight and has supplied our country with a plethora of mixed results as well as emotions. We have seen fluctuations in the numbers over the years, which can be linked to different social fads and political agendas. Despite the enormous amount of money we have spent to rid our country of illegal drugs, we still face all time high addiction and distribution rates today. These strict drug laws have created an overflowRead MoreDrugs And Illegal Possession And Trafficking1409 Words   |  6 PagesBelieve it or not, drugs have been around for thousands of years. In the medical field, drugs are any type of medicine (or other substance), which has a physiological effect when it is ingested or otherwise introduced into the body. Drugs can produce both harmful and beneficial effects once it is consumed and, â€Å"decisions about when and how to use them therapeutically always involve balancing the benefits and risks† (Rang 1). Drugs approved for human use are available through prescription and can

Persuasive Essay On Teen Pregnancy - 1401 Words

Teen Pregnancy has been a controversial topic long since before the 1960’s. Some may believe it’s a sin against God because you’re pregnant out of wedlock, while others may believe you put yourself in the situation, so now you can deal with the consequences. The decrease in teen pregnancies, causes the belief, that the access to contraceptives is lowering teen pregnancy rates. People and places are trying to lower the rate of teen pregnancy, which include the history, causes, effects, prevention and the current situation. Teen pregnancy has hit a historical low state, Roberts Less than forty percent of what is was at its modern peak in 1991There was an average of 61.8 births per 1,000 girls 15 to 19 years old[and] In 2014, the rate†¦show more content†¦That brings us into our next discussion, about the healthcare industry. Kristof points out, â€Å"In Texas, a mother is ten times more likely to die compared to a woman in Spain† (Kristof 1). This proves to women that you have a higher chance of going to a different country to give birth and living opposed to giving birth in the United States. The insanity of the situation is mind blowing, because many childern growing up in the US were lead to believe through news and people around them, that the United States’ health care was amazing and so helpful. Though, the more they grow up, they learn that it’s not that great,that you can sit in a waiting room for hours and finally when it s your turn to see the doctor, the doctor will see you for ten minutes and tell you something you’ve already known. As a teenager, it is terribly hard to obtain contraception without a parent present.Miller claims In 2013, the FDA lifted the age restrictions for emergency contraception, and a lot of people thought, Great, we won, it s over, and now it s available and acceptable to anyone without any identification, (Miller 1).With the lift of the age restrictions, you woul d think that emergency contraception would be easier to obtain, but all great things come to an end. Miller also claimsAlthough the Food and Drug Administration has lifted age restrictions on the use ofShow MoreRelatedPersuasive Essay On Teen Pregnancy1634 Words   |  7 PagesAlthough the teen pregnancy rate has declined some, it remains a major problem in the state of Arkansas. It is a social problem that is affecting all communities in some Arkansas cities. With Arkansas topping the charts with a high rate of teenage pregnancy, something needs to be done. There are not enough prevention programs in the state to help these young women. Out of all the young teens that have become pregnant, they usually had no want to become mothers. Arkansas should have more sex educationRead MoreThe Effects of Teen Pregnancy1953 Words   |  8 PagesEffects of Teen Pregnancy Tiffany Laubach Kaplan University CM 220-57 Professor Campos February 12, 2012 The Effects of Teen Pregnancy Are Americans effectively discussing the topic of teen pregnancy? â€Å"According to research in 2009 approximately 410,000 births occurred among teens aged 15-19 in the United States of America.† (Razol, Warner, Gavin, Callaghan, Sptiz, Anderson, Barfield, Kahn, 2011,  ¶6) Therefore, the United States of America ranks number one among all other countries and teen pregnancyRead MoreThe Effects Of Teen Pregnancy On Teenage Pregnancy1850 Words   |  8 Pageson preventing teen pregnancy. This paper will attempt to describe the research surrounding sex education, mostly abstinence education and the importance of contraceptive. The discussion surrounding sex education will focus not only on current research findings, but also on the truth of the research that has produced different and often conflicting results. Finally, this essay will discuss programs that focus on the role of boys and their importance in teen pregnancy. Teen pregnancy create many socialRead MoreSchool Uniform Persuasive Essay by Javairia Haq764 Words   |  4 PagesSchool Uniform Persuasive Essay At a school, a child wearing a stained ragged-patched up sweat shirt and old tired pants full of disgusting mud stains, she goes to her locker quietly, suddenly after getting out her books, five older students surround her. The oblivious teachers and distracted staff don’t even bother noticing older pupils ridiculing the young girl’s outfit, teasing and tormenting the juvenile girl about her revolting clothes till she criesRead MoreAgainst The Legalization Of Drugs1671 Words   |  7 Pages James Q. Wilson, author of, â€Å"Against the Legalization of Drugs,† was the first Senior Fellow at Boston College’s Clough Center for the Study of Constitutional Democracy and Distinguished Scholar in its Department of Political Science. In his essay, Wilson portrays his stance on being against legalization of drugs and speaks of figuring out how to win the war on drugs and â€Å"not send up the white flag of surrender.† Wilson explains the historical aspect of not legalizing heroin in 1972 and healthRead MoreAn Analysis of Sexual Health in New Zealand Youth3698 Words   |  15 Pagesrates of unplanned pregnancy and sexually transmitted infections (STIs) in New Zealand adolescents? Although sexual health is a component of our national curriculum, and so is taught in all New Zealand high schools, there are still concernedly high rates of unplanned pregnancies and sexually transmitted infections in New Zealand adolescents. A multidisciplinary approach can be used to uncover the potential reasons behind this gap between intervention and outcome. This essay will use the perspectivesRead MoreEssay Writing9260 Words   |  38 PagesThe Essay Writing Process In Greek legend, the goddess of wisdom, Athena, was born fully armed from the head of Zeus. Unfortunately, this is the only recorded instance of instant wisdom. Especially in the medium of the written word, the communication of complex ideas is a process—a process that requires thinking and rethinking, working and reworking. The student who claims to have dashed off an A essay at one in the morning the night before it was due is either a liar or a genius. ThisRead MoreImpact of Print Media on Society10439 Words   |  42 Pagescontent. First, there is simply too much media content for us to process (Potter, 2004). Television broadcasts are available 24-hour per day, seven days per week. The typical household television set is on for seven hours of the day, and children and teens spend about the same amount of time with new media (Bergsma, 2008). Internet access at home means that there are more ways to spend time with computerized mediated communication. The new media is not only emerging, but converging as telephones becomeRead MoreFeminine Mystique12173 Words   |  49 PagesSupplemental Reading for US History 2 From Rosie to Lucy Questions students must answer in a 500-word (minimum) essay: 1) Describe the post-WWII frustrations felt by women such as Betty Friedan. 2) During the era of â€Å"Rosie the Riveter†, what gains did women make in the workforce? How did these women feel about themselves and their contributions? What did society as a whole think? 3) What role did mass media play during the 1950s and 1960s in regard to supporting or undermining theRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 Pagesalmost any worker to put forth more effort. 26. a. In the long run, people can improve this country’s economic strength through responsible action. b. The economic health of this country is largely beyond the control of individuals. 27. a. I am persuasive when I know I’m right. b. I can persuade most people even when I’m not sure I’m right. 28. a. I tend to plan ahead and generate steps to accomplish the goals that I have set. b. I seldom plan ahead because things generally turn out OK anyway. 29

Best Buy - the Importance of Organizational Culture and...

Best Buy - The Importance of Organizational Culture and Change Organizational cultures that can be a liability to an organization include those that create barriers to change, create barriers to diversity or barriers to mergers and acquisitions. (Robbins, S. P. 2011) Organizational cultures are also good for change and revitalization of a company. This paper will provide background information on Best Buy and the ROWE (Results-Only Work Environment) Program. This paper will describe the culture of Best Buy. This paper will also discuss the approach to organizational change that the ROWE program illustrates. This case has sources of stress and this paper will discuss the sources that are apparent in the case. Changes have occurred†¦show more content†¦Managers resisted the change more than other employees did. One manager had to accept that his style of managing was to treat his employees as unruly children. He felt that with the new program, these employees were not going to abide by the rules. Managers also did not think that hourly employees like administrative assistants should be a part of the ROWE program. In the manager’s way of thinking, administrative assistants had to be at their desks throughout the day in case a member of management needed them. Discuss the sources of stress that are apparent in the case. Despite all the good changes that the ROWE program generated, stress is still apparent. Change is difficult when certain behaviors are already a part of the daily routine. An employee who works in the finance department received a call from one of Best Buy’s suppliers. Apparently, he did not receive payment for the last order and threatened to stop delivery of any supplies until he received payment. If she stayed at work to resolve the problem, she would not be able to go home and attend to a personal matter. The new changes were difficult to adopt. The employee was part of the ROWE program and she was allowed to make her own work schedule and leave, if necessary, without anyone judging her. The employee knows she could handle both matters just not inShow MoreRelatedOrganizational And Hr Management: Best Buy Case Study Essay1406 Words   |  6 PagesCase Study of Best Buy, Inc. Best Buy’s History Main Characters: Best Buy is Minneapolis-based and is North Americas leading specialty retailer of consumer electronics, personal computers, entertainment software and appliances. Throughout Best Buys 37-year history, the company has maintained the tradition of making life fun and easy for customers and employees, while providing a significant return to partners and investors. It has 80,000 employees and over 550 stores in the U.S., in additionRead MoreOrganizational Culture Change The Organization Culture Essay1413 Words   |  6 Pagesworld to hear a new CEO, an organizational consultant, a leadership expert—talk about the urgent need to change the organization culture. Often organizations set high aspirations to â€Å"change the culture† but fall short of modifying the way that people feel, behave and get work done. Culture changes rarely manifest into noticeable long term improvements. It is important to note that corporate cultures ar e slow to evolve and difficult to change, that is not to say that culture cannot be changed. For startersRead MoreOrganizational Changes : Risk Management And Organizational Change1412 Words   |  6 PagesWeavetech Organizational Change Strategy Risk Management and Organizational Change: Risks There are many potential risks associated with acquisitions and mergers. According to Allen (2014) risks include â€Å" the miscalculations regarding the scale, scope and change management implications of the integration and the level of assimilation required† to make the transition a success. Another risk is would include the a lack of an adequate or strong communication strategy. Finally, a lack of identificationRead MoreThe Goals And Motivating And Leading Employees1089 Words   |  5 Pagesprofessional opportunity, however it will be a new road for me with a steep learning curve. The article, Social Organizations by Robert Prodanciuc highlights bureaucracy and organizational development, leadership, and employee development as they hey areas I have also come to recognize as the challenges I will face while achieving organizational goals and motivating and leading employees. Presently I am the HR Generalist and Payroll Manager for my organization of about 160 employees. I have only been hereRead MoreRisk Management And Organizational Change Strategy1451 Words   |  6 PagesWeavetech Risk Management and Organizational Change Strategy Risks. There are many potential risks associated with acquisitions and mergers. According to Allen (2014) risks include â€Å" the miscalculations regarding the scale, scope and change management implications of the integration and the level of assimilation required† to make the transition a success. Another risk is would include the a lack of an adequate or strong communication strategy. Finally, a lack of identification or preparationRead MoreQuestions On Human Resource Management Essay1742 Words   |  7 Pagesresource in an organization.The main functions of Human Resource Management in an organization are given below: 1. Recruitment 2. Training and Development 3. Professional Development 4. Benefits and Compensation 5. Ensuring Legal Compliance Role and importance of human resources Human Resources (HR) is concerned with the issues of managing people in the organisation. The Human Resources department is responsible for many people related issues in an organisation. Human Resources Management occur dailyRead MoreThe Instructional Leaders Use of Distributive Leadership and Best Practices733 Words   |  3 PagesDistributive Leadership and Best Practices Distributed leadership can be defined and implemented in many ways. In order to explore the impact of shared leadership within a school system, a clear definition needs to be established. Items such as guidelines for determining who and how long a person would serve in a leadership position should be set and communication and accountability procedures to the principal should be clearly outlined and monitored. This paper examines the importance of distributive leadershipRead MoreCostco Wholesale Corporation s Organizational Structure1500 Words   |  6 PagesCostco Wholesale Corporation’s organizational structure is based on the company’s current operation and locations as well as the market. The organization structure is the shape to connect different organizational components to address the business needs. Costco’s organizational structure active enables the management of operations in different markets. Even though Costco is the biggest membership warehouse club in America, and designed it structure for success in the management of it business inRead MoreHow Would You Use KotterS See-Feel-Change Approach To Communicate The Need And Urgency Of The Needed Change?1272 Words   |  5 PagesOrganizational Change How would you use Kotters see-feel-change approach to communicate the need and urgency of the needed change? To whom would you communicate? What will you tell them? When will you tell them? What multiple forms of communication will you use, and how often will you repeat your message? The organizational change that is proposed will be a bedside handoff in the critical care unit of the hospital. Such an organizational strategy has proven effective in different situationsRead MoreTransformation Is Run By Ceo Carole Anne Hilton1551 Words   |  7 Pagesfocus on economic because there is little to do when a company is not economically thriving. However, a large portion of the company is designed to highlight the sustainability within this organization. Transformation focuses on the need for people to buy into an objective and to get engaged with the plan that transformation sets before them. Sustainably, Transformation sees a need for youth to see themselves positively in the future in order that they might have a strong influence in the community and

Post Operative Nursing Intervention Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Question: Describe about the Post Operative Nursing Intervention for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Answer: 1. 65 year old Mr. Jensen underwent an open reduction and external fixation of the open fracture of his right tibia and fibula. He has a history of type 2 Diabetes mellitus and hypertension. Clinical measurements were made post-operatively on arrival to the ward. His right leg was cool to touch and pain score was 7 on a scale of 1-10. There was serious oozing of fluid from the fracture and pin sites. His heart rate was high, 107BPM, and blood pressure was significantly low, 104/55 mmHg. His temperature, respiratory rate and oxygen saturation levels did not show any significant deviation from the normal values. The urine output measured via IDC Floey was normal although the urine was dilute. Mr. Jansen is suffering from moderate post-operative hypovolemia. His vital signs are clear implications of the condition. Hypotension, tachycardia and a moderately increased respiratory rate are explicit determinants of hypovolemia (Convertino, Cooke Holcomb, 2006).In postoperative conditions hypovolemia is generally regarded as secondary to blood loss (Pacagnella et al., 2013). Anesthetics administered during the operation can also act as a contributing factor for hypovolemic conditions (Haskins, 2006). Hypovolemia is a disease of excessive fluid and electrolyte loss or blood loss from the body. Deficiency of fluid volume decreases capillary hydrostatic pressure and fluid transport, because of which normal cellular functions like metabolism, nutrient and oxygen supply, etc. are disrupted (Munson Traister, 2005). Considering the vital stats of the patient onset of moderate hypovolemic shock can be inferred. The body employs several physiological responses in a hypovolemic condition with the prime aim to prevent further loss of water and electrolytes. Due to loss of the vascular volume the filling pressure of the heart declines, hence, the change in fiber lengths of the cardiac muscles and a subsequent reduction in the force of contraction occurs which is consistent with the Sterling Law of heart contractions (Bajwa Kulshrestha, 2012). Tachycardia observed in the patient is a result of the cardiovascular adaptation the body is going through. When the body tries to compensate for the low circulating fluid volume, it pumps faster to circulate the fluid left as fast as possible i.e. to increase the cardiac output of the body. This is consistent with the notion that Heart Rate x Stroke Volume = Cardiac Output (Keurs Noble 2012). In this case, as the Stroke Volume is decreased (due to hypovolemia) the body increases the Heart Rate to maintain a constant Cardiac Output. In severe cases, this compensation is not enough to maintain a steady Cardiac Output and both, the Stoke Volume and the Cardiac Output suffer a decrease from normal va lue. The loss of fluid causes a decrease in blood pressure of the patient. The reduction in Stroke Volume and Cardiac Output contributes to the reduction in mean arterial pressure. For patient with a history of hypertension his systolic and diastolic pressures are considerably low as there is insufficient blood in the circulatory system. The patient may have suffered from severe blood loss from the open fracture of tibia and fibula he suffered during the accident. Anesthetics affect the cardiovascular system in various ways causing hypotension, vasodialation, and decrease in systemic vascular resistance. The ultimate consequences ate tachycardia and hypotension. The respiratory rate suffered a moderate increase as the tissues are not perfused properly and there is a lack of oxygen supply to the cells (Mestek Lisogurski 2014). The lungs try to compensate for the lack of oxygen by increasing the breathing rate and thus increasing the gas exchange efficiency. The human body reacts to hypovolemia by employing several physiological compensatory mechanisms. Immediately after loss of fluids there is a baroreceptor-mediated response where the fall in cardiac output is compensated by sympathetically mediated increase in peripheral resistance. Baroreceptors are present in the atria and pulmonary arteries of the heart. They can detect a lowering of blood pressure and respond to it accordingly. They respond by activating the sympathetic nervous system and by releasing atrial natriuretic factor (ANF). The release of catecholamines, epinephrine and norepinephrine by the sympathetic nervous system promotes peripheral vasoconstriction, increases the cardiac contractility and the heart rate (Ryan et al., 2012). Tachycardia helps in sufficient redistribution of the blood to the vital organs. Renal volume receptors are another set of receptors that respond to fluid volume changes in the body. The volume receptors in the juxtaglomerular apparatus and the afferent arterioles act via the rennin- angiotensin-aldosterone system. It promotes the retention of Na+ in the body (San-Cristobal et al., 2009) by increasing reabsorption of the same, which subsequently help restore the normal fluid volume of the body. Considering all the vital signs of the patient and his medical history it can be concluded that the patient is currently suffering from moderate post-operative hypovolemic shock, which needs continuous monitoring and nursing attention. Any deterioration in the vital signs must be addressed immediately. 2. The first priority problem of the patient is the pain of the operated region the patient is suffering from. Open Reduction and External Fixation of tibia and fibula is related to several postoperative complications. A few common problems are relevant to the case of Mr. Jansen. His pain score is 7 on a scale of 1-10, which need to be taken care of and monitored. Swelling of the affected limb is observed, which is common postoperatively. The pain maybe related to the edema of the leg, or muscle spasms suffered as result of trauma of the operation. Although edema is a normal sin of healing after tissue injury, persistence of edematous fluid in the interstitium may cause injury to the nearby soft tissues and joint structures. It can hinder the rehabilitation of the patient delay the wound healing procedure by preventing the washout of wound elements that may lead to the stimulation of pain receptors and also stimulate the nocioceptors by applying fluid pressure which also causes event ual pain in the concerned region. Often the pressure of the edematous fluid also affects the lymphatic system. The lymphatic vessels may collapse or suffer damage because of edema. Preventive strategies should consider the influence on the pain receptors as well as the lymphatic system ("Treatment of Post-Surgical Edema in the Orthopedic Patient A Case Report", 2016). Hypovolemia is the second most important priority problem of the patient. Signs of tachycardia and hypotension are fairly logical considering that the patient is suffering from hypovolemia from postoperative trauma and blood loss during the accident. Hypovolemia may lead to insufficient or reduced blood flow to the different organs of the body, vascular injury, tissue trauma and edema as already observed in the patient. Increased pressure in muscle compartment may cause Acute Limb Compartment Syndrome (ALCS) (Wall et al., (2010), which leads to compromised perfusion of the tissues and ischemic conditions. Failure to take necessary actions and precautions may result in necrosis and even limb amputation. The most frequently affected sites of Acute Limb Compartment Syndrome are forearms and legs ("Peripheral neurovascular observations for acute limb compartment syndrome", 2016). Reduction in circulating volume lowers the venous return to the blood irrespective of the causes and fall in arterial pressure is a consequence of severe hypovolemia. Prolonged hypovolemia may cause severe dysfunction of the peripheral neurovascular system. The intravenous Hartmans solution the patient is being provided with should be controlled according to his needs, as administration of excess fluids can cause other significant consequences. Overall, the hypovolemic condition of the patient and the swelling and pain of the affected limb is of utmost importance for nursing care presently. 3. After precise examination and evaluation of the patients condition two nursing goals are of extreme priority: Pain Management and Fluid Resuscitation. Various nursing interventions can be applied for pain management of the patient. The prime outcomes to be expected out of the interventions are to verbalize the relief of pain, ensure that the patient sleeps and rests in comfortable and relaxed postures and finally demonstration of relaxation skills and diversion activities particularly relevant to the patients condition. Achieving these goals may alleviate the stress, anxiety, pain, immobility and muscle spasms the patient is suffering from. The appointed doctor should be consulted and made aware of the assessment data for any further change in medication. Fluid resuscitation, the other primary concern regarding the patient condition can be achieved through various monitoring and corresponding intervention procedures. The main aim is to maintain sufficient tissue perfusion, which can be monitored by observation of the palpable pulses, skin temperature, and sensation of the affected region, vital signs like blood pressure, heart rate and respiratory rate, and the urine output of the patient. Fluid balance of the body is a highly sensitive physiological parameter for the normal functioning of the body. 4. Patient-specific pain alleviation in a postoperative patient is always recommended (Corke, 2013). Specific nursing interventions are indispensable in context of the patient, as the recovery process may take substantial amount of time considering the severity of the open fracture and the age of the patient (Imani, 2011). Primarily the nurse need to ensure that the affected part is maintained in an immobilized position with the aid of traction, cast or bed rest. Pillows or plastic materials are to be avoided to support the leg. An elevated position is to be maintained. This can promote the venous return to the heart, reduce edema, which in turn can reduce the pain sensations. Immobilization prevents further tissue injury and displacement of bone. Following the nursing standards and guidelines proper documentation of the location and intensity of pain must be done using the intensity scale of 1-10. Non-verbal cues such as vital signs, behaviors and emotions also require documenting. Continuous monitoring can provide information regarding the effectiveness of interventions. As the patient has undergone operation in the recent past direct physical intervention are not recommended in any way. Therapeutic interventions may prove to be effective in this particular case. Psychological and emotional support along with managing stress by deep-breathing exercises, visualization of imagery, etc. may augment the pain coping abilities of the patient. This can be particularly useful when long-term persistence of pain is observed, which not improbable in this context. Conducting discussion sessions and talking about the problems and difficulties the patient is suffering helps the patient to manage postoperative stress and anxiety. Psychological counseling may be required to make the patient cope with the trauma of the accident experience. The complication regarding hypovolemia may affect the patient in various adverse ways and disrupt the normal physiological homeostasis of the body if not addressed with special care and actions. Evaluating the peripheral pulse nearest to the injury site monitoring its presence and quality reflects the blood circulation of that region. Decrease of absence of peripheral pulse is a good indicator of vasculature rupture caused by injury. Recording the skin temperature and coloration can provide ample information regarding circulation of the concerned region. Pale, white skin with a low temperature indicates arterial impairment. Cyanosis or bluish skin indicates venous impairment. Extreme pain in regard to the type of injury and/or increase of pain on passive movement must be reported to the doctor. Paraesthesia or damage to peripheral nerves may occur due to fluid pressure of the edema (Queiroz et al., 2009). Continual bleeding or progressive edema formation can lead to abnormal blood fl ow, ischemia and onset of compartmental syndrome. Al the mentioned conditions require immediate medical intervention and hence the symptoms should be promptly reported to the concerned practitioner. Sudden signs of limb ischemia need proper investigation; dislocation of the fractured bones may lead to the damage of adjacent blood vessels hindering blood flow to the extremities. Encouraging the patient to perform routine movements of the digits of the affected limb can somewhat promote blood circulation to the extremities. For patients whose operated parts remain immobile for a long period of time thrombosis and embolism are considerably common medical conditions. Thrombosis of blood may lead to inflammation of the walls of the blood vessels causing Thrombophlebitis (Di Nisio, Wichers Middeldorp, 2007). Even a minor embolus can lead to pulmonary embolism in patients (Torbicki et al., 2008). Tenderness and swelling of the region is of special interest in this regard, as at an old age often there is reduced sensation of pain. Vital signs those are indicative of insufficient tissue perfusion needs monitoring on a regular basis. Applying ice bags on a around the region of fracture for very short periods may reduce hematoma and edema formation. Relevant neurovascular assessments should be made on a periodic basis. To sum up, patient-centered care is mandatory for serious cases per se. Nurses without adequate expertise and relevant training are not recommended for critical patients as such. References Bajwa, S. S., Kulshrestha, A. (2012). Diagnosis, prevention and management of postoperative pulmonary edema. Annals of medical and health sciences research, 2(2), 180. Convertino, V. A., Cooke, W. H., Holcomb, J. B. (2006). Arterial pulse pressure and its association with reduced stroke volume during progressive central hypovolemia. Journal of trauma and acute care surgery, 61(3), 629-634. Corke, P. (2013). Postoperative pain management. Australian Prescriber, 36(6). Di Nisio, M., Wichers, I. M., Middeldorp, S. (2007). Treatment for superficial thrombophlebitis of the leg. The Cochrane Library. Haskins, S. C. (2006). Comparative cardiovascular and pulmonary effects of sedatives and anesthetic agents and anesthetic drug selection for the trauma patient. Journal of Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care, 16(4), 300-328. Imani, F. (2011). Postoperative pain management. Anesthesiology and pain medicine, 1(1), 6-7. Keurs, H., Noble, M. I. (Eds.). (2012). Starlings law of the heart revisited (Vol. 89). Springer Science Business Media. Kreimeier, U. (2000). Pathophysiology of fluid imbalance. Critical Care, 4(2), 1. Mestek, M., Lisogurski, D. (2014). U.S. Patent Application No. 14/509,302. Pacagnella, R. C., Souza, J. P., Durocher, J., Perel, P., Blum, J., Winikoff, B., Glmezoglu, A. M. (2013). A systematic review of the relationship between blood loss and clinical signs. PLoS One, 8(3), e57594. Peripheral neurovascular observations for acute limb compartment syndrome. (2016). www2.rcn.org.uk. 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